Antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri on different types of bacteria Essays

Antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri on different types of bacteria Essays Antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri on different types of bacteria Essay Antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri on different types of bacteria Essay ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OFPHYLLANTHUS NIRURION DIFFERENT TYPES OF BACTERIA Introduction The growing of infective disease is distributing tremendously throughout the universe. There are assorted types of intervention, either by synthetically or of course. The high use of man-made intervention may do a side consequence towards organic structure. This is due to the chemical reaction of the man-made medical specialty. Malaysia is gifted with copiousness of natural beginnings including traditional workss and herbs. Plants are rich in a broad assortment of secondary metabolites, such as tannic acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to hold antimicrobic belongingss ( Cowan, 1999 ) . Traditional herb doctors used workss to handle infective disease. Many of these workss have been investigated scientifically for antimicrobic activity, and some works merchandises have been shown to suppress the growing of infective micro-organisms ( Moghaddam,etal. , 2010 ) . For illustration, the usage of cascara buckthorn ( Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ) and cranberry juice ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) to handle urinary piece of land infections is reported in different manuals of herbal therapy, while species such as lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis ) , garlic ( Allium sativum ) and tee tree ( Melaleuca alternifolia ) are described as broad-spectrum antimicrobic agents ( Heinrich et al. , 2004 ) . The promotion of engineerings and different types of techniques give a batch of benefit for research worker to widely detect on antimicrobic activity of workss. Example of antimicrobic trials are Genotypic Methods, Mechanism-Specific Tests, Automated Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Systems, E-Test, Dilution Methods And Disk Diffusion Method. Therefore, the survey ofPhyllanthus Niruniis conducted. 1.2PROBLEM STATEMENT Traditional workss are really indispensable and suited to be used as an alternate natural medical specialty. Unfortunately, the exposure of traditional works as medical specialty is non widely known. Peoples may be given in devouring excessively many man-made medical specialty as their intervention to some infective disease. This may do a bad side consequence to organic structure. These jobs lead to the probe on the antimicrobic activity ofPhyllanthus niruni,which is one of the traditional workss in Malaysia. 1.3Aim To find the minimal repressive concentration ( MIC ) that will suppress the growing of different types of bacteriums by the infusion ofPhyllanthus niruni. To measure the antimicrobic activity of thePhyllanthus niruritowards different category of bacteriums ( Gram-positive; Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus Cereus, Gram-negative ;Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) . Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Herbs and Its Uses In Malaysia, traditional medical specialty has been used widely by the old folks. Traditional medical specialty refers to the usage of works s fruits, seed, and the different portion of the workss such as its root and rhizome portion. Part of the works that shows the active antimicrobic belongingss are been extracted and studied for its ability to kill or suppress the micro-organism. Herbs and herbal infusions contain different phytochemicals with biological belongingss that promote human wellness and aid cut down the hazard of chronic disease. For illustration, selected phenolic constituents of herbs ( jasmine, lavender, rose, lemon grass and Rosmarinus officinalis ) have been shown to hold potentially utile application in forestalling dental cavities and other wellness jobs associated with free radical-mediated harm through antimicrobic activites against unwritten pathogens and the antioxidant capacities ( Tsaietal. , 2008 ) . 2.2Antimicrobial Activity Microbial or micro-organism is a little microscopic populating thing that can non be seen with bare eyes. The viability of micro-organism can be observed through microscope such as the forms, colorss and size of the microorganims. Whereas, antimicrobic can be defined as a substance that may kills or suppress the presence of micro-organism. Antimicrobial is general and can be classified harmonizing to the category of being, such as fungicide which inhibits the growing of Fungis and antibacterial which inhibits the presence of bacteriums. Antimicrobial activities of spices and herbs and indispensable oils have been good known for long clip. Many surveies reported the activities of spices and herbs or indispensable oils to foodborne infective bacteriums ( Hirasa A ; Takemasa, 1998 ) . The ability ofPhyllanthus niruni,as antimicrobic activity is approved.Phyllanthus niruni,has been used in Ayurvedic medical specialty and has a broad figure of traditional utilizations including internal usage for icterus, gonorrhoea, frquent menses, diabetes, tropical usage as a cataplasm for tegument ulcers, sores, swelling and rubing. The immature shoots of the workss are administered in the signifier of an extract for the intervention of chronic dysentery ( Bharatiya, 1992 ) . There are assorted types of antimicrobic activity that we may establish in order to measure the potency of an agent to suppress micro-organism. Five different mechanism of antimicrobic activity are suppression of cell wall synthesis, break of cell-membrane map, suppression of protein synthesis, suppression of nucleic acerb synthesis, and action as antimetabolites ( Black, 2005 ) . 2.3Phyllanthus Niruri Phyllanthus niruriwhich known as Dukung Anak in Malaysia, is a little temperate herb widely distributed throughout different parts in the universe such as India, South America and Malaysia ( Rajeshkumaret Al. , 2002 ) . There are assorted common names ofPhyllanthus niruriwe may happen such asChanca piedra, quebra pedra, stone-breaker, arranca-pedras,andpunarnava. The ground ofPhyllanthus niruriis named as Stone-breaker is because of the strong roots that grip the dirt until it may shatter the rock. ThePhyllanthus niruricontains the compound that has the ability as antimicrobic agent. Harmonizing to ( Fanget Al. , 2008 ) ,Phyllanthus niruriwhich is one of the 500 temperate and tropical species ofPhyllanthus(Spurge family) have been normally used as folk medical specialty in most tropical states. For the past decennary, phenolic compounds have gained an intense focal point of research due to their strong antioxidant activities and ability to scavenge free groups ( Chanet Al. , 2009 ) . Besides, an unpublished optimized status for phenolic compound extraction from Dukung Anak had been studied and suggested that the optimal extraction temperature was 33.1oC, extraction clip 40 min and solvent concentration 60.4 % ethyl alcohol. This optimized status was studied at fixed solid-to-solvent ratio at 1:10. Apart from that, it was reported that the phenolic content is affected by the extraction dissolver volume being used ( Tanet Al. , 2011 ) . Figure 1.1: The vena construction ofPhyllanthus nirurifoliages Figure 1.2: Top ofPhyllanthus niruri Figure 1.3: Fruits ofPhyllanthus nirurifrom the side position 2.3.1Scientific categorization ofPhyllanthus Niruri Phyllanthus nirurihas different categorization of species such as P. gunnii, P. tenellusP. similisP. hirtellus and P. gasstroemii. Diagram 1 ( a ) The phyletic tree in diagram 1 ( a ) above shows wherePhyllanthus niruritantrums into the expansive strategy of categorization. This phyletic tree is based on molecular grounds and was modified from the text edition written by Campbell, N.A. , Reece, J.B. , Urry, L.A. , Cain, M.L. , Wasserman, S.A. , Minorsky, P.V. , and Jackson, R.B From the diagram 1 ( a ) shown, thePhyllanthus nirurispecies can be categorized in chronological order by get downing from the sphere of life things which is the bacterium. In the beings of eucaryotic bacteriums, the cell organs are surrounded by the dual membrane which posses true nucleus. Following, for the 2nd portion of the diagram, it shows the land of scientific categorization ofPhyllanthus niruriwhich is the Plantae. Plantae is differ from animate being, the beings in Plantae contains cell wall and can bring forth its ain nutrient through the procedure of photosynthesis. Following, for the Phylum, the class can be recognized underPhyllanthus niruriis Anthophyta which is the group that will bring forth flowers because of the being of flowering plants. Anthophyta is besides can be characterized as holding true foliages, roots and roots since they produce fruits and flowers. Following, is the Magnoliosida ( Eudicotyledons ) which have the pat root ( chief root ) and the foliages are in venas net like. Next, in the order categorization,Phyllanthus nirurican be categorized in the order of Euphorbiales which is the group of unisexual flowers. Phyllanthus as the genus bring forthing flowers on their ain foliages. Last, the species isPhyllanthus nirurior besides known as the stonebreaker. 2.3.3Uses and application ofPhyllanthus Niruri The usage of workss to mend or battle unwellness is every bit old as world. Since age long, workss have remained the footing for the development of modern drugs for human wellness ( Uzoma, 2004 ) . Histological surveies of the stomachic wall revealed that negative control rats suffered really terrible harm of stomachic mucous membrane, along with hydrops and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal bed compared to rats pre-treated withP. nirurileaf extract where there was marked stomachic protection along with decrease or suppression of hydrops and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosa. The present determination suggests thatP. nirurileaf extract promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative lessenings in ulcer countries, suppression or decrease of hydrops and leukocyte infiltration of the submucosa ( Abdullal* , 2010 ) In Brazil, a tea made from the worksPhyllanthus niruri( rock ledgeman or quebra pedra ) has been used in folk medical specialty to handle urinary concretions, among other conditions. Alkaloids from workss of the genusPhyllanthus niruripresent an antispasmodic activity taking to smooth musculus relaxation, largely evidenced in the urinary piece of land, which would ease the riddance of urinary concretion. ( Nishiuraetal. , 2004 ) . 2.4Bacterias Bacterias can be classified as one of the micro of the forms are cocci, B, rod and spherical. The illustration of the bacterium s forms are as shown below: Diagram 2 ( a ) Beginning of illustration: Kathleen Park Talaro and Arthur Talaro, Bacterial forms and agreements, 1999. The McGraw-Hill Companies. Bacterial species can be divided into two types of bacterium which is the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteriums. Gram staining is the method used to distinguish the category of bacteriums by the chemical and physical belongingss of their cell walls by observing peptidoglycan, which is present in a thick bed in Gram-positive bacteriums. Different types of gm shows different types of reactions toward the staining method. Gram positive bacteriums stain bluepurple and Gram negative bacteriums stain ruddy. The difference between the two groups is believed to be due to a much larger peptidoglycan ( cell wall ) in Gram positives. As a consequence the I and crystal violet precipitate in the thickened cell wall and are non eluted by intoxicant in contrast with the Gram negatives where the crystal violet is readily eluted from the bacterium. As a consequence, bacteriums can be distinguished based on their morphology and staining belongingss Mention Plants are rich in a broad assortment of secondary metabolites, such as tannic acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to hold antimicrobic belongingss. Mailing reference: Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Middletown Campus, 4200 East University Blvd. , Middletown, OH 45042. Telephone: ( 513 ) 727-3231. Facsimile: ( 513 ) 727-3367. Electronic mail: cowanmm @ muohio.edu. 1999. accesed on 12/11/14 Mollazadeh-Moghaddam K, Arfan M, Rafique J, Rezaee S, Jafari Fesharaki P, Gohari AR, Shahverdi AR ( 2010 ) . The fungicidal activity of Sarcococca saligna ethyl alcohol infusion and its combination consequence with fluconazole against different immune Aspergillus species .Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology162( 1 ) : 127–33. Department of the Interior: 10.1007/s12010-009-8737-2. PMID 19685213. Heinrich et al. , 2004 Heinrich, M. , Barnes, J. , Gibbons, S. , Williamson, E.M. , 2004. Fundamentalss of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. Churchill Livingstone, Edinbrugh, pp. 245–252. Rajeshkumar, N. V. , Joy, K. L. , Kuttan, G. , Ramsewak, R. S. , Nair, M. G. and Kuttan, R. 2002. Anti-tumour and anti-carcinogenic activity ofPhyllanthus amarusinfusion. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81: 17–22. Fang, S. H. , Rao, Y. K. and Tzeng, Y. M. 2008. Antioxidant and inflammatory mediator’s growing repressive effects of compounds isolated fromPhyllanthus urinaria.Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116: 333–340. Chan, E.W.C. , Lim, Y.Y. , Wong, S.K. , Lim, K.K. , Tan, S.P. and Lianto, F. S. 2009. Effectss of different drying methods on the antioxidant belongingss of foliages and tea of ginger species. Food Chemistry 113 ( 1 ) : 166–172. Tan, P. W. , Tan, C. P. and Ho, C. W. 2011. Antioxidant belongingss: Consequence of solid-to-solvent ratio on antioxidant compounds and capacities of Pegaga (Centella asiatica) . International Food Research Journal 18: 553-558. Uzoma, I. , 2004. Chanca piedra ( Phyllanthus niruni amarus ) . What a utile medicative works. Samdim publishing houses, Aba, Nigeria. J.L. Nishiura A.H. Campos M.A. Boim I.P. Heilberg N.Schor Phyllanthus niruri normalizes elevated urine in Ca rock forming ( CSF ) patients. 19 June 2004 accessed on 949pm 12/11/14 Gastroprotective consequence of Phyllanthus niruri foliage infusion against ethanol-induced stomachic mucosal hurt in rats Mahmood Ameen Abdulla1* , Khaled Abdul-Aziz Ahmed1,2, Fouad Hussain AL-Bayaty3and Yaghma Masood3 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen. 3Faculty of Dentistry, University of Technology of Mara, Shah Alam, Malaysia. Accepted: 25 February 2010Published: 31 May 2010 Copyright  ©2010Author ( s ) retain the right of first publication of this article. This article is published under the footings of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0