Reasons For Political Violence Occurs - 1592 Words

It can be challenging to adequately explain why political violence occurs, but several political scientists have created theoretical explanations to help in the process. These explanations include the relative deprivation theory, cultural explanations, structural or institutional explanations, and primordialism. I personally believe that relative deprivation offers the most leverage in explaining why political violence occurs because it takes into account the variance of political violence and shared characteristics across human nature. Primordialism is also known as the ancient hatred argument and is concerned with blood relations between groups of people (Clay Fuller 2016d). This explanation is often used to explain ethnic conflicts in which there is animosity between two or more groups because of their biological makeup. This could potentially be used to help explain why the conflict between the Tutsis and the Hutu occurred in Rwanda during the genocide in 1994. The Hutu and the Tutsi are distinctly different ethnic populations in which the Hutu are short and stout while the Tutsi are taller and generally have lighter skin tones (Marie Utumetsi 2004). These genetic differences amongst the two groups created a society of separation, where in-groups and out-groups based on how different populations look were created. As a result, it is easy to form relationships between the two groups based on us versus them. There are several downfalls evident in primordialism,Show MoreRelatedList Of Definitions Of Terrorism Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneral public.† †¢ Yonah Alexander (1976): terrorism is â€Å"the use of violence against random civilian targets in order to intimidate or to create generalized pervasive fear for the purpose of achieving political goals.† †¢ David Rapoport (1977): terrorism is â€Å"the use of violence to provoke consciousness, to evoke certain feelings of sympathy and revulsion.† †¢ Walter Laqueur (1987): â€Å"Terrorism is the use or the threat of the use of violence, a method of combat, or a strategy to achieve certain targets†¦itRead MoreThe Problem Of Violence And Violence1684 Words   |  7 Pagesthe problem, the direness of the situation, and the time one has to react, a violent solution may be the only option. There are those who believe that violence should be abhorred and never resorted to, but those who think that are optimistic dreamers who are living in a false reality. Of course, if everyone shared their viewpoint, fights may never occur, but one has to accept the fact that some people will just refuse to stand down or accept something other than exactly what they want. This is why aRead MoreAbortion And Clinic Violence Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages Abortion and Clinic Violence Bobbi Wrona POLS 280 Introduction There are few issues in the American political climate that are as divisive as that of abortion. Though it had a history before 1973, intense legal opposition by counter movements did not occur the way it currently does. In 1973 the Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade established a woman’s right to privacy, which extends into the right to have an abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy. This success for the pro-abortionRead MoreViolence As A Solution?1678 Words   |  7 Pages Dan Powers 09/21/2015 Violence as a Solution In the modern age, many problems can be solved quickly and effectively by having a thoughtful discussion with both belligerents. However, depending on the severity of the problem, the direness of the situation, and the time one has to react, a violent solution may be the only option. There are those who believe that violence should be abhorred and never resorted to, but those who think that are optimisticRead MoreViolence : El Salvador s Violence1165 Words   |  5 PagesViolence in El Salvador El Salvador is a country known for its beautiful beaches, mountainous landscape, and coffee export. Unfortunately, this perfect picture is only a wall that hides the true violence that occurs in the country. El Salvador’s violence is an ongoing cycle, so how does today’s violence differ and compare from the violence in the 1980’s? The differences and similarities of violence in El Salvador from now and then involve root cause, political involvement, and economic issues.Read MorePersuasive Essay On Violence967 Words   |  4 PagesYou see human beings doing stuff for no reason or just because they feel like it. Most never have a reason they just do it out of spite. People minding their business still get caught in the crossfire, â€Å"A justified fear of Trump does not justify violence against an individual just trying to leave a rally.†(Newkirk), you could be minding your own business and still get caught in the middle of violence. Protesters see people fighting in protest because it gets heated and people just gets irritatedRead More The True Meaning of Terrorism Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesDefence defines terrorism as†¦ The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious or ideological. Terrorism, then, is a type of political crime that makes use of murder and destruction or the threat of such violence in order to promote change. It is a specific kind of calculated violence with a selected target. Targets can include individualsRead MoreGender Based Violence Is An Violation Of Human Rights962 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"UNPF (2005) contends violence against women as an extreme violation of human rights which results in harm and suffering. The United Nations 1993 definition of â€Å"Gender-based Violence is, â€Å"Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life† (IRIN, 2015) This issue once believed to be tabooRead MoreUnited States Department Of State1748 Words   |  7 Pagesnone are located in Mexico. Despite the lack of official FTOs in Mexico, non-state violence is at an all-time high and the country is more dangerous than ever. This is because of the presence and prevalence of drug cartels throughout the country. These drug cartels employ violent tactics as part of their drug trafficking network. But these cartels are more than just criminal organizations. The scope of the violence, the fear they instill in the population, and the influence they have on policy showsRead MoreThe Issue Of State And Sovereignty Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesand Arendt offer different accounts on what Sovereignty means in political theory, and the procedures by which it is applied on the daily basis. Schmitt argues that the political entity must always be sovereign because it decides what to do when an exception occurs, contrary to Arendt that states that such sover eignty from the political entity has always been an illusion because freedom and sovereignty can’t coexist unless the political body renounces to one of them. In order to understand better the

What Is Self Or If There Even Is A Self - 861 Words

In trying to define what is self or if there even is a self, Hume asserts personal identity is a mere illusion and instead the self is a classification of the process of our mutable parts. On the other hand, in Descartes’ dissertation he defines self as a â€Å"rational soul† (pg33) or an essence unique to humans, held constant in the container of the human body. Hume’s and Descartes’ definition of self therefore is an all or nothing assumption; either the self is nonexistent dependent on the presence of an infinite constant, or the self does exist but is immutable and â€Å"entirely independent of the body.† (pg33) None of these theses satisfy what the self is. By definition, self is the composition of our physical and mental parts that in turn creates a unique process that can be identified as our self or soul. Therefore it cannot be delineated as an inner immaterial substance like a soul nor can it be claimed simply to be an illusion, self is the cohesion between these two theories. When Descartes argues that the â€Å"rational soul† (pg33) is not governed by nature’s constraints and is separable, he implies the possible extraction of the soul. In this way if extracted from the body and placed in another container the person would retain an exact conception of self that was held in their previous shell. As Descartes argues, the only thing responsible for the conception of self is the soul. However the definition of self is more complex than just the soul. Take into account theShow MoreRelatedHow Self Control Is Truly Free Will1143 Words   |  5 Pagesevery aspect of our lives and actions through our choices and self control, however there are times when this sense of free will is challenged. In Patricia Churchland’s article she covers how self control is truly free will, it can shape our actions, as well as habits. Yet, there are reasons why ones own self control could be diminished, for example, the case of the man who had strangled his own wife in his sleep. Churchland believes that self control is an application of our free will, and that theRead MoreArticle Review On Self Actualization And Self Realization Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesSelf Actualization and Self Realization Are Different By Arthur Thomas Ware | Submitted On July 07, 2014 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest In that classic old movie, Papillon, starring Steve McQueen andRead MoreSelf-Defense Is the Answer Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesknow common terms such as self-defense. 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The following are some ways to improve self-respect:- †¢ Learn to HandleRead MoreSelf Education Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesWithin the book, â€Å"The Students Calling†, Leland Ryken states that, â€Å"All education is ultimately self-education† (15). There are multiple ways we can decipher what he is saying. In the literal sense of what he is saying, I disagree completely because it is absolutely impossible to be self-educated your entire life. On the contrary, if we are to understand the figurative meaning behind what Leland is saying, then I would agree with him because everyone learns differently than each other. Before I canRead MoreThe Impact of Self-Esteem, Significant Others and Media on Ones Self- Image1213 Words   |  5 Pagesallowed you to view other aspects of yourself. What do you think you would see? Better yet what do you think influenced you to come to your conclusion? How you answer this question determines your self-image. Self- image isn’t something a person is born with. Self- image are numbers of self impressions that are built up over a period of time. These impressions are influenced by a group of elements. I believe three of the most influential elements are self- esteem, significant others and the media. Read MoreThe Importance Of Close Relationships : Individual And Social Mindset Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pageswell. What we usually deduce as common sense, or relationship conundrum, can be examined through experimentation and can also be explained by our former psychological understanding. In this field, researchers have long proposed a set of important aspects in order to effectively analyze intimate interactions, and I want to chiefly focus on inner self-knowledge. One simple reason is that, we cannot fully understand our relationships unless we look backward and closely investigate ourselves. Self-esteemRead MoreDoes An Individual Have A Core Self? Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesDoes an individual have a core-self? A simple answer that many people would respond with is yes, of course people have a core-self. How else would they be able to represent who they truly are if they do not have a core-self? Unfortunately, this is incorrect. The correct answer to this question is no. No, individuals do not have core-selves, but things cannot be that simple. People that think they have a core-self would say that it is the identity that someone has on the inside; their true selvesRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God And The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1404 Words   |  6 Pagesdreams like the male characters which is a crucial point since these novels are also about self fulfillment. Eyes and Gatsby are both novels which show insight to the issue of gender, mostly its effects on female characters, and how that affects their journey to self fulfillment, but Eyes takes a more straightforward approach to the issue than Gatsby which allows the female characters in Eyes to achieve self fulfillment quickly and fully. While it can be seen there is a gender issue in Gatsby FitzgeraldRead MoreNot Being Yourself835 Words   |  4 Pagesright elements is what makes us happy. That s false, as you re learning. Being happy is about being yourself. So what does it mean to be yourself? I prefer to start with the opposite concept: inauthenticity. Inauthenticity -- not being yourself -- is generally focused on trying to preserve some concept of self: ego maintenance. Our minds make ideas about who we are, and then cling to those ideas. Clinging consists of trying to pile up evidence that the self which I prefer is

Questions On E Commerce Architecture Report - 2283 Words

Assignment No. 2 - E-Commerce Architecture Report Report MMIS-654 Summer 2016 Dr. Richard Manning Harindra Warnasuriya Arachchilage 8/14/2016 Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 Industry and Competitions 5 Business Plan Outline 6 1) Value Proposition 6 2) Revenue Model 6 3) Market Opportunity 6 4) Competitive Environment 6 5) Competitive Advantage 7 6) Market Strategy 8 7) Organizational Development 8 8) Management Team 8 IT Architecture Plan 9 Website- 9 Payment Process- 9 Software- 10 Hosting Service- 11 Interface Blueprint 12 Homepage 12 Product page 13 Shopping Cart 14 Checkout Page 15 Order Confirmation 16 Marketing Plan Outline 16 Reference 17 Executive Summary My proposed startup was an online grocery store called â€Å"Calorie Counter store†, the targeted customers are those people who health conscious, people who work out regularly are very conscious about what they intake. Another very important niche will be the vegans and the vegetarians. This website will be built on Magento Ecommerce Platform. The database used to store the product details, customer details, order transactions and to support the content management system will be in MySQL. The website will be hosted on Justhost, a hosting service provider which provides very competitive prices. The software and hardware specifications used will be described in specific details. Various methods will be used to advertise and get the project up and running. These methods will beShow MoreRelatedTeddy Bear1338 Words   |  6 PagesVermont Teddy Bear Report 1) How would you describe Vermont Teddy Bear  (VTB)’s business model (the products and services it sells, target market/s to whom it sells them, the value proposition it offers,  and its financial model)? Vermont Teddy Bear (VTB) has been found by John Sortino in 1981. This company has served as a gift delivery service with three main product lines: Bears (plush toys), PajamaGrams (apparel), and Calyx FlowersRead MoreE-commerce: Business Logic and Amanda Jane1813 Words   |  8 Pagesthis report is to examine e-commerce and also to provide a broad strategy that should be taken by Amanda Jane Horse Wear. Besides that, it is also to provide suggestion about suitable e-commerce that Amanda Jane should adopt. Firstly, a short summary of the case study, Amanda Jane Horse Wear will be illustrated with the main problem that will be identified. Next, a brief description of e-commerce in terms of definition, issue and benefits and the current trends will be explained as a part of e-commerceRead MoreFrameworks And Models That Facilitate The It Strategy Planning Process Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagesdo this, a literature review of several existing models and frameworks that assist a business to plan the best strategy for IT in their organisation. This report looks at several of these models and frameworks, PEST, Porters’ Five Factors, SWOT, Technology Acceptance Model, MOST, and DeLone and McLean Information System Success Model. This report will then compare and contrast each model or framework, and detail what each one should be used for, and when. Strategic planning is the process of planningRead MoreQuestions On The Business Intelligence1618 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the Planning that involves and add the services to them that are advisory and also it helps to get the IT needs and modify or to change the implementation. Enterprise architecture The Enterprise architecture is a exact and accurate that gives an operation and also for an enterprise company. And the enterprise architecture is a kind of perfection that provides us the solutions and also it identifies and also helps in execution future planning business by creating a vision. 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However, barriers to entry the market are extremelyRead MoreIkea Case Study Ebusiness5766 Words   |  24 PagesCorporate website e-commerce system 7 1.2.4 Summary 9 2 Strategy analysis 11 2.1 Business idea 11 2.1.1 Business Model 12 2.1.2 Vision 14 2.2 Global Strategy 14 2.3 Future challenges 15 3 Web site analysis 16 3.1 Informative communication 16 3.2 Structure, Navigation and visuality: 17 3.3 Information accuracy, security and trustworthiness of the site 18 3.4 Web shop 19 3.5 Personal opinion 20 4 Conclusion 21 Referencess 23 1 Theoretical Analysis E-commerce concept goes beyondRead MoreThe Importance Of Seo Rankings For Ecommerce1803 Words   |  8 Pagesby finding the most relevant websites for search queries, so optimizing for SEO not only drives traffic but also generates other benefits such as higher conversions, more sophisticated targeting and better brand promotion. 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The tremors of its presence were felt late by the industry at large, but the real galvanization happen after the dot.com burst which wiped the slate clean, and amazon.com and ebay.com were the survivors still standing. ―Amazon is e-commerceâ€â€" a term coined by a technocrat whose name is yet to reveal. But it’s a fact that Amazon was the one who made selling via internet a reality. Challenges were big which Amazon had to solve, and a prominent one was the mode of payment. Electronic payment

Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences †Free Assignment Sample

Question: Describe about the Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences? Answer: Case Study 1 1. Anastasia faces difficulty in transfer from her hospital bed to the wheel chair and vice versa. Although she suffers from hemiparesis and the functioning of her body was reduced, she has regained some function, post accident. She even needs assistance in covering short distances. Since she does not know English, she faces problem in communicating and in expressing herself. She even faces difficulty in comprehending the language that is spoken by her family and this is the result of aphasia, which is a speech disorder and occurred as a result of injury to the left side of her brain (Head, H., 2014). 2. Since Anastasia is unable to express herself and comprehend the language of her family or nurses, it is important to use non verbal skills or use of communication aids like picture cards, using charades or employing bi lingual staff that can help in assisting the patient (Jirwe, M., Gerrish, K and Emami, A., 2010). 3. The actual nursing care needs of Anastasia are maintenance of correct body posture and preventing excessive stress or pressure on the body when indulging in daily activities like walking, sitting, etc. The other role of the nurses is to identify the signs and symptoms of stroke and provide supplementary oxygen to the patient. The nurses are also required to ensure efficient transfer of glucose containing fluids. Stroke should be taken and considered as an emergency situation and thus, high priority treatment action should be sought (Summers et al., 2009). 4. As a result of current medical condition of Anastasia, the potential complications that can occur can be related to disorders of sleep, atelectasis, pneumonia, depression, confusion, problem in swallowing and incontinence. Any kind of problem in the function of swallowing can eventually lead to undernutrition, dehydration or aspiration. Due to the hemiparesis condition, the immobility of her lims can further lead to thrombolic disease or UTI, contractures and pressure ulcers. The most dangerous and the most common problem is the inability to perform daily functions like ability to walk or see or think, speak, feel and remembers (The Merck manual, 2014). One other complication is the problem in the speech and the comprehending power of the patient. If the problem of aphasia still persist, it will be very difficult to speak, understand and even express what do you want to speak. Case Study 2 1. The methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is mostly found in hospitals wards. This strain of bacteria is resistant to all the penicillins and the beta lactam antimicrobial drugs and thus, are confined to the hospitals and the health care units. This bacteria spreads with the number of people coming in contact with the health care facility (David, M Daum, R., 2010). The standard precautions can help in prevention of MRSa infections in the health care facility. Hand washing, using gloves, protection of eyes, nose and mouth, wearing gowns, proper handling of laundry or disposable and lastly proper device handling of the care of the patient and the instruments or the devices, these methods can help in preventing the spread of MRSA. It is also important to ensure proper placement of the patients and not to keep the patients, already infected by MRSA in the common ward (David, M Daum, R., 2010).2. The possible risk factors for development of nosocomial infection are the d eath or discharge. Since the patient faced smelly discharge from the wound, this was the potential risk factor for developing the infection ( Wolkewitz et al., 2008). Secondly, the bacteria was already present in the hospital ward and the wound was not protected so as to avoid the initiation of infection.3. The standard precautions to prevent the risk include hand hygiene, before and after every patient contact, use of personal protective equipment, use of sterile needles, aseptic non touch technique, waste management, proper disposal of waste, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, allotment of single rooms and cohorting of the patients (NHMRC, 2010). Apart from these measures, it is important for the nurses to cater to the surgical wounds in a proper and sterile manner. The would should not be left exposed to the environment and after contact, hands should be sterilized before touching another patient. This will prevent the spread of MRSA through contact. Being obese, the4. mThe nursing strategies include developing an understanding with the patient such that it becomes easier to explain him about the effectiveness and use of the nutrients for curing of the illness. Another option is to build a more effective partnership or a therapeutic alliance with the patient.Case Study 3 1. The pre existing conditions of the patient might be affected by the fall and hospitalization. Since he is not taking any medications for depression, the condition has worsened and he is having suicidal ideations. Secondly, due to asthma and obesity, he is facing more pain and is being given morphine for making the pain subside. The conscious level of the patient is good which signifies that the fracture in the skull was not that severe. 2. The potential risk factors for Gordon after the surgery are his age and the size and deterioration of the hematomas. Even the anesthesia poses immense risk to his health.3. Gordon can be lifted by making use of the mechanism by which the end of the bed can be raised or lowered, depending upon the requirement. In order to ensure that the back pain is not elevated, the upper end can be raise and the patient can be shifted.4. Morphine is a schedule 2 drug. The seven rights of drug administration are right patient, right dose, right medication, right route of administration, right time, right documentation and right response (Lippincott Nursing center, 2014).5. The discharge of Gordon will require his family and the doctors to identify the needs regarding his ability to perform the daily activities. The hospital will provide the walking aid to the patient and schedule the next check up time. The doctor will ensure that the environment of the patients home is such that his recovery wil l be stimulated and not inhibited. The patient will be required to take medications on time and report in case of any adverse drug reactions (Grimmer et al., 2006). Case Study 4 1. When Louise initially enter the ward her vital signs are not normal and thus, the priority of treatment is the management of these signs. The pulse rate is high, temperature is high and respiration rate is also high. It is required to provide her oxygen mask so as to provide proper respiration. Following this her wound need to be assessed for any kind of infection or discharge. She should be given pain relieving analgesia so as to reduce the signs and symptoms and restore the normal body vital signs. Since the wounds are oozing, they should be properly cleaned and anti microbial agents should be used to prevent infection. 2. The immediate assessment comprises of checking the airway, breathing and the circulation of the patient. In order to stabilize the patient, the oxygen mask should be supplemented. Cardiac monitoring should be done next and the blood pressure of the patient, pulse rate and the temperature should also be recorded. The patient should be checked for seizure too.3. Lousie might be suffering from sepsis, which is infection by the bacteria. Since the wounds were open and ozzing, the contamination is quite possible. Also the symptoms of rise in temperature, elevated heart rate and increased respiratory rate, all point out to occurrence of this condition (Medicinenet.com, 2015).4. To minimize further deterioration of the patient it is important to immediately implement clinical intervention and treatment procedure. The procedure of defibrillation should be performed and post resustication care should be initiated. The arrangements for transferring the patient to the secondary care unit sho uld also be made simultaneously (NHS, 2015). References Head, H. (2014). Aphasia and kindred disorders of speech. Cambridge university Press. Jirwe, M., Gerrish, K and Emami, A. (2010). Student nurses experiences of communication in cross-cultural care encounters. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 24(3): 436-444. Summers et al. (2009). Comprehensive Overview of Nursing and Interdisciplinary Care of the Acute Ischemic Stroke Patient. Stroke, 40: 2911-2944. The Merck Manual. (2014). Overview of stroke. Retrieved on 18th March 2015 from https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic_disorders/stroke_cva/overview_of_stroke.html. NMRC (National Health and Medical Research Counsil). (2010). Clinical educators guide for the prevention and control of infection in healthcare, retrieved on 18th March 2015 from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/cd33_icg_clinical_ed_guide_web.pdf. Wolkewitz et al. (2008). Risk factors for the development of nosocomial pneumonia and mortality on intensive care units: application of competing risks models. Critical care, 12:R44. David, M Daum, R.(2010). Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and Clinical Consequences of an Emerging Epidemic. Clinical microbiology reviews, 23(3): 616-687. NHS (2015). Deteriorating patient policy: General policy no. 50. Wirral community. Lippincott Nursing center.com. (2014). 8 rights of medication administration, retrieved on 18th March 2014 from https://www.nursingcenter.com/Blog/post/2011/05/27/8-rights-of-medication-administration.aspx. Grimmer et al. (2006). Incorporating patient and carer concerns in discharge plans: the development of a practical patient centered checklist. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and practice, 4(1). Medicinenet.com (2015). Sepsis. Retrieved on 18th March 2015 from https://www.medicinenet.com/sepsis/page2.htm.

The Greatest Leaders of Today and Yesterday are Both Born Made free essay sample

A leader is someone who guides and inspires others in a way which brings out the potential lying dormant inside of them. To inspire, one must stir emotions, drive and intellect in others to motivate them to act on your vision (Pace, 2006) Great leaders are born with certain characteristics, which give them an advantage over others; however, they are not born a great leader. Such an individual utilize and mature their born traits, over time as they experience life’s challenges. These experiences yield knowledge and this knowledge is used to guide and improve the lives of others. Great leaders not only reflect on what they have learned for themselves, but also they are eager to learn and impart new ideas and information into others. Therefore, great leaders are not born; they develop knowledge and wisdom through experience. Leaders are both born and made. People are born with certain qualities and characteristics which help them to be more geared toward leadership. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greatest Leaders of Today and Yesterday are Both Born Made or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such features as confidence, drove, empathy, ambition, determination all improves person’s ability to lead. Many strong leaders are very sociable individuals, and they are very curious also. Nevertheless, there is much to improve in order to become a great leader in the business arena or any other arena (Financial Management, 2001). Some individuals can easily understand and retain information, which can be a trait in which they are born with; however, without the reality of life’s experiences, born traits have no conduit to flourish (PR, N, 2012) even though they give the person an advantage over others. Now, there is an understanding, in addition to born features, experience plays an enormous role in the development of a strong leader. According to study, leaders who have born features which enhance their abilities are better thinkers due to their determination to seek experiences which will help them develop in particular areas (PR, N, 2012). These life experiences must be both subjective and measurable and repetitive over time in order to develop superior qualities within a person (PR, N, 2012). This study also stated â€Å"to be the most effective, leaders must be exposed to experiences that allow them to progress through increasing levels of involvement (PR, N, 2012). † Developing a strong leader is a long term process in which the individual’s information is perfected day by day with life’s interactions; therefore, leadership abilities are developed and retained (Gilmore, 2006). Life events are not always beneficial, but they all should be educational. Great leaders take their mistakes, learn from them and continue on their journey. By reflecting on these circumstances and gathering feedback from others, information and wisdom arises giving the person the ability to become a more effective leader (Gilmore, 2012). The most effective part of becoming a strong leader is the process of development. Leaders must abandon all self-imposed restrictions and redefine themselves as new experiences unfold (Gilmore, 2012). When a leader has a clear view of his/her identity, they will have the capability of inspiring others on their journey. This talent comes from minute changes in one’s self-image daily instead of trying to change all things at once. The ability to influence others shows a leader with the ability to make a positive impact within a company (Gilmore, 2012). Therefore, effective leaders continuously adjust their behaviors to the experiences and new information they encounter. Leaders motivate, manage and make decision which make their teams meet all goals effectively and efficiently (Pace, 2006). Therefore, strong, effective, exceptional leaders are born and made. These leaders are born with specific qualifications giving them an advantage over others; however, those born features must be developed through life experiences, which make them the great leader of yesterday, today and the future.

Sea Sponges Facts

Sea Sponges Facts When you look at a sponge, the word animal  might not be the first that comes to mind, but sea sponges are animals. There are over 6,000 species of sponges; most live in the marine environment, although there are also freshwater sponges. Natural sponges have been used by humans to clean and bathe with for at least 3,000 years. Sponges are classified in the phylum Porifera. The word Porifera  comes from the Latin words porus (pore) and ferre (bear), meaning pore-bearer. This is a reference to the numerous pores or holes on a sponges surface. It is through these pores that the sponge draws in water from which it feeds. Fast Facts: Sponges Scientific Name: PoriferaCommon Name: SpongeBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: Various species range from under a half inch to 11 feet in lengthWeight: Up to approximately 20 poundsLifespan: Up to 2,300 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Oceans and freshwater lakes the world overPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: One species is classified Least Concern; most are Not Evaluated. Description Sponges come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Some, like the liver sponge, look like a low-lying crust on a rock, while others can be taller than humans. Some sponges are in the form of encrustations or masses, some are branched, and some look like tall vases. Sponges are relatively simple multi-celled animals. They do not have tissues or organs like some animals do; rather, they have specialized cells to perform necessary functions. These cells each have a job. Some are in charge of digestion, some reproduction, some bringing in water so the sponge can filter feed, and some are used for getting rid of wastes. The skeleton of a sponge is formed from spicules which are made of silica (a glass-like material) or calcareous (calcium or calcium carbonate) materials, and spongin, a protein that supports the spicules. Sponge species may be most readily identified by examining their spicules under a microscope. Sponges do not have a nervous system, so they dont move when touched.   Placebo365/Getty Images   Species There are an enormous number of species in the phylum Porifera, broken into five classes: Calcarea (Calcareous sponges)Demospongiae (Horny sponges)Hexactinellida (Glass sponges)Homoscleromorpha (Includes about 100 species of encrusting sponges)Porifera incertae sedis (Sponges whose classification has not yet been defined) There are over 6,000 formally described sponge species, measuring from under a half inch to 11 feet. The largest sponge discovered to date was found in Hawaii in 2015, and has not yet been named. Habitat and Distribution Sponges are found on the ocean floor or attached to substrates such as rocks, coral, shells, and marine organisms. Sponges range in habitat from shallow intertidal areas and coral reefs to the deep sea. They are found in oceans and freshwater lakes throughout the world. Diet and Behavior Most sponges feed on bacteria and organic matter by drawing water in through pores called ostia (singular: ostium), which are openings through which water enters the body. Lining the channels in these pores are collar cells. The collars of these cells surround a hair-like structure called a flagellum. The flagella beat to create water currents. Most sponges also feed on small organisms that come in with the water. There are also a few species of carnivorous sponges that feed by using their spicules to capture prey such as small crustaceans. Water and wastes are circulated out of the body by pores called oscula (singular: osculum). Reproduction and Offspring Sponges reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction occurs through the production of egg and sperm. In some species, these gametes are from the same individual; in others, separate individuals produce eggs and sperm. Fertilization occurs when the gametes are brought into the sponge by currents of water. A larva is formed, and it settles on a substrate where it becomes attached to the rest of its life. Asexual reproduction occurs by budding, which happens when a part of a sponge is broken off, or one of its branch tips is constricted, and then this small piece grows into a new sponge. They may also reproduce asexually by producing packets of cells called gemmules. Threats In general, sponges arent very tasty to most other marine animals. They can contain toxins, and their spicule structure probably doesnt make them very comfortable to digest. Two organisms that eat sponges though are hawksbill sea turtles and nudibranchs. Some nudibranchs will even absorb a sponges toxin while it eats it and then uses the toxin in its own defense. Most of the sponges have been evaluated by the IUCN, as Least Concern. RainervonBrandis/Getty Images Sponges and Humans The modern plastic sponge in our kitchens and bathrooms are named after natural sponges, living animals which were harvested and widely used as long ago as the 8th century BCE as implements for bathing and cleaning, as well as in medical practices such as assisting in healing and to cool or warm or comfort a body part. Ancient Greek writers such as Aristotle (384–332 BCE) suggested the best sponge for such tasks was one that is compressible and squeezable but not sticky, and holds great quantities of water in its canals and expels it out when compressed.   You can still buy natural sponges in health food stores or on the Internet. Artificial sponges were not invented until the 1940s, and long before that, commercial sponge harvesting industries developed in many areas, including Tarpon Springs and Key West, Florida. Sources Brusca Richard C. and Gary J. Brusca. Phylum Porifera: the sponges. Invertebrates. Cambridge, MA: Sinauer Press, 2003. 181–210.Castro, Fernando, et al. Agalychnis The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T55843A11379402, 2004.  Ã‚  Coulombe, Deborah A. The Seaside Naturalist. New York: Simon Schuster, 1984.Denoble, Peter. The Story of Sponge Divers. Alert Diver Online, 2011.Hendrikse, Sandra and Andrà ©Ã‚  Merks, A. Sponge Fishing in Key West and Tarpon Springs, American Sponge Diver, 2003Martinez, Andrew J. Marine Life of the North Atlantic. New York: Aqua Quest Publications, Inc., 2003.UCMP. Porifera: Life History and Ecology. University of California Museum of Paleontology.Wagner, Daniel, and Christopher D. Kelley. The Largest Sponge in the World? Marine Biodiversity 47.2 (2017): 367–68.  Voultsiadou, Eleni. Sponges: An Historical Survey of Their Knowledge in Greek Antiquity. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87.6 (2007): 1757 –63. Print.

How to Get Into an Ivy League School

How to Get Into an Ivy League School If you are hoping to attend one of the Ivy League schools, youre going to need more than good grades. Seven of the eight Ivies made my list of the most selective colleges in the country, and acceptance rates range from 6% for Harvard University to 15% for Cornell University. Applicants who are admitted have earned excellent grades in challenging classes, demonstrated meaningful involvement in extracurricular activities, revealed leadership skills, and crafted winning essays. A successful Ivy League application is not the result of a little effort at application time. It is the culmination of years of hard work. The tips and strategies below can help make sure your Ivy League application is as strong as possible. Develop the Foundation for Ivy League Success Early The Ivy League universities (and all universities for that matter) will consider your accomplishments in 9th through 12th grades only. The admissions folks will not be interested in that literary award you got in 7th grade or the fact that you were on the varsity track team in 8th grade. That said, successful Ivy League applicants build the foundation for an impressive high school record long before high school. On the academic front, if you can get into an accelerated math track while in middle school, this will set you up to complete calculus before you graduate from high school. Also, start a foreign language as early as possible in your school district, and stick with it. This will put you on track to take an Advanced Placement language class in high school, or to take a dual enrollment language class through a local college. Strength in a foreign language  and completing math through calculus  are both important features of the majority of winning Ivy League applications. You can get admitted without these accomplishments, but your chances will be diminished. When it comes to extracurricular activities in middle school, use them to find your passion so that you begin ninth grade with focus and determination. If you discover in middle school that drama, not soccer, is what you truly want to be doing in your after school hours, great. Youre now in a position to develop depth and demonstrate leadership on the drama front when youre in high school. This is hard to do if you discover your love of theater in your junior year.   This article on college preparation in middle school can help you understand the numerous ways in which a strong middle school strategy can help set you up for Ivy League success. Craft Your High School Curriculum Thoughtfully The most important piece of your Ivy League application is your high school transcript. In general,  youll need to take the most challenging classes available to you if you are going to convince the admissions folks that you are prepared to succeed in your college coursework. If you have a choice between AP Calculus or business statistics, take AP Calculus. If Calculus BC is an option for you, it will be more impressive than Calculus AB. If you are debating whether or not you should take a foreign language in your senior year, do so (this advice assumes that you feel you are capable of succeeding in these courses). You should also be realistic on the academic front. The Ivies dont, in fact, expect you to take seven AP courses in your junior year, and trying to do too much is likely to backfire by causing burn out and/or low grades. Focus on core academic areas- English, math, science, language- and make sure you excel in these areas. Courses such as AP Psychology, AP Statistics, or AP Music Theory are fine if your school offers them, but they dont carry the same weight as AP Literature and AB Biology.   Also keep in mind that the Ivies recognize that some students have more academic opportunities than others. Only a small fraction of high schools offer a challenging International Baccalaureate (IB) curriculum. Only larger, well-funded high schools can offer a wide breadth of Advanced Placement courses. Not all high schools make it easy to take dual enrollment courses at a local college. If youre from a small rural school without many academic opportunities, the admissions officers at the Ivy League schools take your situation into consideration, and measures such as your SAT/ACT scores and letters of recommendation will be even more important for evaluating your college readiness. Earn High Grades Im frequently asked which is more important: high grades or challenging courses?  The reality for Ivy League admissions is that you need both. The Ivies will be looking for lots of A grades in the most challenging courses available to you. Also keep in mind that the applicant pool for all of the Ivy League schools is so strong that the admissions offices are often not interested in weighted GPAs. Weighted GPAs play an important and legitimate role in determining your class rank, but the reality is that when  admissions committees are comparing students from around the world, they will consider whether or not that A in AP World History is a true A or if it is B that was weighted up to an A. Realize that you dont need straight A grades to get into the Ivy League, but every B on your transcript is lessening your chance  of admission. Most successful Ivy League applicants have unweighted GPAs that are up in the 3.7 range or higher (3.9 or 4.0 is more common).   The pressure to earn straight A grades can sometimes cause applicants to make bad decisions when applying to highly competitive colleges. You should not  write a supplemental essay explaining why you got a B in one course in your sophomore year. There are, however, a few situations in which you should explain a bad grade. Also keep in mind that some students with less-than-stellar grades get admitted. This can be because they have an exceptional talent, come from a school or country with different grading standards, or have legitimate circumstances that made earning A grades extremely challenging. Focus on Depth and Achievement in Your Extracurricular Activities There are hundreds of endeavors that count as extracurricular activities, and the reality is that any of them can make your application shine if you have demonstrated true depth and passion in your chosen activity. This article on the best extracurricular activities shows how any given activity, when approached with enough commitment and energy, can become something truly impressive. In general, think of extracurriculars in terms of depth, not breadth. A student who acts a minor role in a play one year, plays JV tennis one spring, joins yearbook another year, and then joins Academic All-Stars senior year is going to look like a dabbler with no clear passion or area of expertise (these activities are all good things, but they dont make for a winning combination on an Ivy League application). On the flip side, consider a student who plays euphonium in County Band in 9th grade, Area All-State in 10th grade, All-State in 11th grade, and who also played in the school symphonic band, concert band, marching band, and pep band for all four years of high school. This is a student who clearly loves playing her instrument and will bring that interest and passion to the campus community.   Show That You Are a Good Community Member The admissions folks are looking for students to join their community, so they clearly want to enroll students who care about community. One way to demonstrate this is through community service. Realize, however, that there is no magic number here- an applicant with 1,000 hours of community service may not have an advantage over a student with 300 hours. Instead, make sure you are doing community service that is meaningful to you and that truly makes a difference in your community. You may even want to write one of your supplemental essays about one of your service projects. Earn High SAT or ACT Scores None of the Ivy League schools are test-optional, and SAT and ACT scores still carry a bit of weight in the admissions process. Because the Ivies draw from such a diverse pool of students from around the world, standardized tests truly are one of the few tools the schools can use to compare students. That said, the admissions folks do recognize that financially advantaged students have an advantage with the SAT and ACT, and that one thing these tests tend to predict is a familys income. To get a sense of what SAT and/or ACT scores youre going to need to get into an Ivy league school, check out these graphs of GPA, SAT and ACT data for students who were accepted, waitlisted, and rejected: Brown  | Columbia  | Cornell | Dartmouth | Harvard | Penn | Princeton | Yale The numbers are rather sobering: the great majority of admitted students are scoring in the top one or two percentiles on the SAT or ACT. At the same time, youll see that there are some outlying data points, and a few students do get in with less-than-ideal scores. Write a Winning Personal Statement Chances are youre applying to the Ivy League using the Common Application, so youll have five options for your personal statement. Check out these tips and samples for the Common Application essay options, and realize that your essay is important. An essay that is riddled with errors or focuses on a trivial or clichà © topic could land your application in the rejection pile. At the same time, realize that your essay doesnt need to focus on something extraordinary. You dont need to have solved global warming or saved a bus full of 1st-graders to have an effective focus for your essay. More important than what you write about is that you focus on something important to you, and that your essay is thoughtful and self-reflective.   Put Significant Effort Into Your Supplemental Essays All of the Ivy League schools require school-specific supplemental essays in addition to the main Common Application essay. Dont underestimate the importance of these essays. For one, these supplemental essays, much more than the common essay, demonstrate why you are interested in a specific Ivy League school. The admissions officers at Yale, for example, arent just looking for strong students. They are looking for strong students who are truly passionate about Yale and have specific reasons for wanting to attend Yale. If your supplemental essay responses are generic and could be used for multiple schools, you havent approached the challenge effectively. Do your research and be specific. The supplemental essays are one of the best tools for demonstrating your interest in a specific university.   Be sure to avoid these five supplemental essay mistakes. Ace Your Ivy League Interview Youre likely to interview with an alum of the Ivy League school to which you are applying. In truth, the interview isnt the most important part of your application, but it can make a difference. If you stumble to answer questions about your interests and your reasons for applying, this can certainly damage your application. Youll also want to make sure that you are polite and personable during your interview. In general, Ivy League interviews are friendly exchanges, and your interviewer wants to see you do well. A little preparation, however, can help. Be sure to think about these 12 common interview questions, and work to avoid these interview mistakes. Apply Early Action or Early Decision Harvard, Princeton, and Yale all have a single-choice early action program. Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, and Penn have early decision programs. All of these programs allow you to apply to just a single school through the early program. Early decision has additional restrictions in that if you are admitted, you are obligated to attend. You should not  apply early decision if you are not 100% sure that a specific Ivy League school is your top choice. With early action, its fine to apply early if theres a chance you will later change your mind. If youre on target for Ivy League admission (grades, SAT/ACT, interview, essays, extracurriculars), applying early is the best tool you have for improving your chances significantly. Take a look at this table of early and regular admit rates for the Ivy League schools.  You are four times more likely to get into Harvard by applying early than applying with the regular applicant pool. Yes- four times more likely.   Factors That You Cant Control Everything Ive written about above focuses on factors that you can control, especially if you start early. There are, however, a couple factors in the Ivy League admissions process that are outside of your control. If these factors work in your favor, great. If they dont, dont fret. The majority of accepted students do  not  have these advantages. First is legacy status. If you have a parent or sibling who attended the Ivy League school to which you are applying, this can work to your advantage. Colleges tend to like legacies for a couple reasons: they will be familiar with the school and are likely to accept an offer of admission (this helps with the universitys yield); also, family loyalty can be an important factor when it comes to alumni donations. You also cant control how you fit into the universitys efforts to enroll a diverse class of students. Other factors being equal, an applicant from Montana or Nepal is going to have an advantage over an applicant from New Jersey. Similarly, a strong student from an under-represented group will have an advantage over a student from a majority group. This may seem unfair, and its certainly an issue that has been debated in the courts, but most selective private universities operate under the idea that the undergraduate experience is enriched significantly when the students come from a wide range of geographical, ethnic, religious, and philosophical backgrounds. A Final Word Perhaps this point should have come first in this essay, but I always ask Ivy League applicants to ask themselves, Why the Ivy League? The answer is often far from satisfactory: family pressure, peer pressure, or just the prestige factor. Keep in mind that there is nothing magical about the eight Ivy League schools. Of the thousands of colleges in the world, the one that best matches your personality, academic interests, and professional aspirations is very likely  not  one of the eight Ivies.   Every year youll see the news headlines heralding that one student who got into all eight Ivies. The news channels love to celebrate these students, and the accomplishment is certainly impressive. At the same time, a student who would thrive in the bustling urban environment of Columbia would probably not enjoy the rural location of Cornell. The Ivies are remarkably different, and all eight are not going to be a great match for a single applicant. Also keep in mind that there are hundreds of colleges that deliver exceptional educations (in many cases better undergraduate educations) than the Ivies, and many of these schools will be much more accessible. They may also be more affordable since the Ivies do not offer any merit-based financial aid (although they do have excellent need-based aid).   In short, make sure you truly do have good reasons for wanting to attend an Ivy League school, and recognize that failure to get into one is not failure: you are likely to thrive at the college you do choose to attend.